BIT Investment Research: The 2028 Halving Is Not the End; Bitcoin Mining’s True Shakeout Has Just Begun
- Core Viewpoint: The Bitcoin mining industry is currently undergoing a structural adjustment. Miner profitability is deteriorating due to declining block subsidies and lackluster fee income. The sector is transitioning from a “mining business” to an “infrastructure business,” and the 2028 halving will accelerate industry consolidation.
- Key Factors:
- With Bitcoin’s price around $61,000 and the network hashrate approaching 1 ZH/s, the gap between miners’ theoretical daily revenue and actual income reaches 136%, indicating a persistent divergence in profitability.
- Calculations show the lower bound of Bitcoin’s production cost is approximately $46,744, with the industry’s overall break-even price around $65,000. Current mining operations can hardly sustain ideal profitability.
- Miners’ total revenue in 2025 was about $17.2 billion, of which electricity costs accounted for approximately $12.3 billion, representing 71.5% of total revenue, highlighting significant cost pressure.
- The daily average fee income for miners is only $220,000, far below the approximately $9.7 million implied by historical relationships. The income structure has not yet completed its transition to being fee-driven.
- After the 2028 halving, the lower bound of production cost is expected to rise to around $93,289, accelerating the concentration of the industry towards well-capitalized, diversified institutional mining companies.
- Mining companies are shifting from pure mining to infrastructure operators, with the key area of competition evolving from hashrate expansion to business models, such as energy management and AI/HPC computing power hosting.
當前比特幣礦業正經歷協議誕生以來最複雜的一輪結構性調整。儘管比特幣價格仍維持在約 61,000 美元,全網算力接近 1 ZH/s、處於歷史高位附近,但礦工盈利能力卻持續惡化。生產成本、手續費收入、算力擴張以及行業安全預算等多個指標均顯示,當前礦業已運行在接近盈虧平衡的邊緣,而 2028 年減半或將進一步加速行業出清。
從當前數據來看,礦業面臨的問題已不僅來自減半帶來的區塊補貼下降,更在於行業收入結構尚未完成向手續費驅動的過渡。與此同時,越來越多礦企正開始從單純的比特幣生產者,轉向基礎設施運營商、能源運營商以及 AI/HPC 算力基礎設施提供商。在這一過程中,礦業競爭的重點也正逐漸從算力擴張轉向商業模式升級。
盈利能力持續承壓:礦業經濟模型進入重估階段
PoW 難度/發行量模型顯示,比特幣當前生產成本下沿約為 46,744 美元。歷史上,每當價格跌至這一水平附近,往往意味著邊際礦工開始退出市場,並對應週期性底部形成。但當前更值得關注的是,礦工收入與比特幣價格已出現歷史上首次持續性背離。
數據顯示,在約 61,000 美元的比特幣價格下,全網礦工理論日收入應約 7,800 萬美元,而實際僅約 3,300 萬美元,理論收入較實際高出約 136%。與此同時,全網算力已接近 1 ZH/s,手續費收入卻持續低迷,目前日均僅約 22 萬美元,遠低於歷史關係所隱含的約 970 萬美元。隨著減半持續壓縮新增發行,比特幣礦業正面臨越來越大的盈利壓力。
從挖礦到基礎設施:2028 年減半或推動行業重構
除了收入下降,礦企成本壓力同樣不斷增加。2025 年,比特幣礦工總收入約 172 億美元,其中僅電力成本便約 123 億美元,佔總收入 71.5%;全球礦機硬體投資約 45 億美元。綜合測算,目前行業整體盈虧平衡價格約為 65,000 美元,意味著在當前價格附近,僅依靠挖礦業務已難以維持理想盈利水平。
預計 2028 年減半後,比特幣生產成本下沿將進一步升至約 93,289 美元,行業將加速向少數大型、資本實力雄厚且收入來源多元化的礦企集中。相比依賴區塊獎勵的傳統礦工,擁有低成本電力資源、AI/HPC 算力託管業務以及更強資產負債表能力的機構化礦企,或將在新一輪週期中獲得更強競爭優勢。
整體來看,比特幣礦業正在經歷從「挖礦業務」向「基礎設施業務」的深刻轉型。隨著區塊補貼持續下降,僅依賴比特幣生產已難以支撐長期盈利,行業未來將更加依賴能源管理、AI/HPC 算力託管等多元化收入來源。對於投資者而言,真正值得關注的不只是減半本身,而是哪些礦企能夠完成商業模式轉型,並在新的行業格局中建立更具韌性的競爭優勢。
上述部分觀點來自 BIT on Target,與我們聯繫獲取 BIT on Target 完整報告。
免責聲明:市場有風險,投資需謹慎。本文不構成投資建議。數位資產交易可能具有極大的風險和不穩定性。投資決策應在仔細考慮個人情況並諮詢金融專業人士後做出。BIT 不對基於本內容所提供資訊的任何投資決策負責。


