Editor's Note: This article comes fromEditor's Note: This article comes fromBajoute's Dinner (ID: gh_b9d8f3e895ea)

, Author: Ba Jiute, reprinted by Odaily with authorization.

Recently, Kadena, which was publicly offered on the compliance platform Coinlist, launched its main network. Kadena is a very unique project, and has previously received investment from many well-known funds, including Multicoin Capital, Metastable, SVangel, Scalar Capital, etc.

The difference between Kadena and all current public chains is that it is not just a public chain, but a blockchain network that can interconnect public chains with alliance chains/private chains.

With doubts, I read their white paper and some social information, and wrote this article.

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What is Kadena?

Kadena is a blockchain network that can interconnect alliance chains/private chains and other public chains. In order to interconnect them, Kadena has designed Chainweb, a parallel chain proof-of-work architecture based on PoW consensus, and Kuro, an enterprise private chain based on ScalableBFT consensus protocol. , and developed a Turing-incomplete, simple and readable smart contract language Pact.

It seems that these are very innovative designs. While most mainstream public chains currently adopt PoS consensus, Kadena chose PoW, which seems to have similar concepts and characteristics to Nervos and Conflux. 🤔

Turing's incomplete Pact smart contract language is even more interesting, and the official said it is a human-readable contract language.

Through Chainweb and Pact, Kadena can connect alliance chains and public chains, and support mutual calls, pioneering the integration of alliance chains into the cross-chain system.

What is Chainweb?

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Source: Chainweb Protocol Security Computing White Paper

According to the description in the white paper, Chainweb is scalable. With the increase of parallel chains, its processing capacity per second will also increase. Such an architecture Chainweb has the potential to grow to at least 1,250 chains, and the TPS can reach more than 10,000.

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How does Chainweb achieve high TPS?

The design of Chainweb draws on Bitcoin's Simple Payment Verification (SPV, or Simplified Payment Verification). Each parallel chain in the network mines the same cryptocurrency (KDA). This cryptocurrency can be trustless and simple through the smart contract level. Payment verification (SPV) is used to transfer funds and string transactions together.

Briefly explain what SPV is?

Payments can also be verified without running a full network node. A user needs to keep a copy of the block headers of the longest proof-of-work chain, and it can keep asking the network until it is confident that it has the longest chain and can lead to it via a merkle branch that is time-stamped and The transaction included in the block.

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Source: Bitcoin Whitepaper

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source:https://explorer.chainweb.com/mainnet

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Taking this picture as an example, I intercepted the transaction with the block height of "145676" Chain4, which synchronized the information of the previous block Chian1, Chain2, Chain4, and Chain9 by default, including a chain of its own and three parallel chain, and the other three parallel chains have synchronized the block header information of the four parallel chains of the previous block, so that the block header information of the 10 parallel chains is equivalent to verification.

Of course, I also had some questions, such as how many nodes are there on each chain? How does parallel block generation ensure the security of each chain? 🤔

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source:https://pact.kadena.io/ 

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Pact is not only applicable to public chains, but will also be open to enterprises, who can write smart contracts directly and clearly on the blockchain safely.

Officials say that Pact's design benefits from existing smart contracts, namely Bitcoin and Ethereum, as well as stored procedural languages, SQL and LISP. They believe that Turing completeness will bring many potential risks, such as the Dao hack event on Ethereum.

Pact is Turing-incomplete, which helps prevent recursion bugs and related bad usage patterns. In Pact, any detected recursion immediately raises a fault and terminates all running code. This feature can greatly reduce potential attacks that may exist in smart contracts.

At present, Pact has built a Pact version of Kadenamint for Cosmos based on the Tendermint protocol, which will become a bridge between Kadena and Cosmos in the future. At the same time, an agreement has been signed with the Web3 Foundation to study the integration of Pact into the Polkadot ecosystem.

Interestingly, the entire architecture of Kadena is mainly written in the Haskell programming language. Haskell is a relatively small language, but many engineers who have used it highly recommend it.

When I told him about the Kadena project, he was very excited to find that Kadena uses the Haskell language, and also told me that Kadena introduced the Z3 theorem prover, which should be very powerful. (Note: Z3 is a high-performance theorem proving program developed by Microsoft Research)

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source:https://www.theblockbeats.com/news/4450

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This is the token distribution model made by Block Rhythm based on the published information. The total amount of KDA is 1 billion, 700 million are allocated to miners, and are produced by mining. Half of the remaining tokens are released every 20 years. It is estimated that there will be a total of about 200 million KDA.

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source:https://www.theblockbeats.com/news/4450

The valuation of Kadena is not low. Based on the public offering price of 0.5 US dollars and 1 US dollar, it reaches a valuation of 500 to 1 billion US dollars. Currently, KDA has not been listed on the exchange for circulation. It is expected to flow 300 million pieces at the beginning of next year, and the market value of circulation is About 300 million US dollars.

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What chance do you have?

Kadena's solution is very innovative. It uses the parallel chain workload proof architecture Chainweb to increase the transaction volume per second of the blockchain, and at the same time learns from SPV to achieve cross-chain verification.

Kadena has also developed a new smart contract language Pact, which is currently used in the alliance chain, and also cooperates with Cosmos and Polkadot.

The overall valuation of the project may be high at present, but the proportion of financing is not very high, and the total amount of mining is constant.