According to Odaily Planet Daily, Ethereum founder Vitalik Buterin published an article this morning introducing the GKR protocol. GKR is the core protocol for implementing fast proofs such as ZK-EVM and zk-ML. It is suitable for computations involving "multi-layer low-level processing + extensive repeated function applications" (such as hashing and neural networks). It eliminates the need for commitments to the middle layer, only commitments to input and output, significantly improving efficiency. By reducing the amount of sumcheck calculations per round (such as Gruen's trick) and optimizing Poseidon2 batch processing,

Theoretically, the Poseidon hashing overhead is only 15x (compared to 100x for traditional STARKs), and in practice it can be less than 10x. The larger the amount of data, the closer the overhead is to zero.