According to Odaily Planet Daily, Ethereum founder Vitalik Buterin wrote that he hopes more zero-knowledge proof (ZK) and fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) developers can present performance overhead as the "ratio of encryption calculation time to original calculation time" rather than just describing performance as "number of executions per second."

He pointed out that this approach is more hardware-independent and can help developers assess the efficiency trade-off when shifting applications from "trust-dependent" to "cryptographically secure." Vitalik believes that even if the ratio is still affected by hardware due to operational heterogeneity, the overhead factor remains a more informative metric.