Original author: Michael Nadeau

Original compilation: Luffy, Foresight News

They say follow the smart money in investing, and the great thing about public blockchains is that we can easily do this using on-chain data.

As the infrastructure connecting blockchains improves, network effects and economic moats within any single network may become increasingly difficult to achieve. Therefore, we have been studying the net fund flows of the top 15 L1 and L2 to accurately reveal the direction of value flow in public blockchain networks, and now it is time to share our findings with you.

Which blockchains have the largest net inflows of funds?

Winner:

• We can see that Arbitrum is the biggest winner. Arbitrum has received over $2.3 billion in net traffic from other blockchains in the past 3 months.

• Optimism ranked second, with net inflows of nearly $800 million during the same period.

• StarkWare ranked third with over $700 million in net inflows.

• Base ranks fourth, with net inflows of nearly US$600 million in the past three months.

• Finally, Sui ranks in the top five with $423 million in inflows and is the only non-EVM chain to see significant inflows over the past 90 days.

loser:

• Ethereum has seen net outflows of more than $3.6 billion in the past 90 days. During the same period, more than $4.4 billion entered the Ethereum ecosystem through L2. L2 pays settlement fees to ETH L1, so the funds dont actually leave Ethereum.

• In the past 3 months, zkSync has seen more than $1 billion in outflows.

• Avalanche has over $500 million exiting the ecosystem.

Where do Arbitrum’s net inflows come from?

We can see that the vast majority of Arbitrum’s inflows (70%) come from Ethereum L1. About 25% of the inflows are stablecoins, and other tokens account for 75%. We expect funds to continue to leave Ethereum L1 and flow into the most popular L2 instead.

But unexpectedly, nearly $500 million in funds left the Avalanche ecosystem and flowed to Arbitrum. If we revisit the first chart, Avalanche was one of the biggest losers of the group, with $543 million leaving the ecosystem last quarter, 84% of which went to Arbitrum.

Which projects on Arbitrum are receiving these inflows?

We can’t say with certainty which projects on Arbitrum are capturing these inflows, but the projects mentioned above accounted for the most gas consumption on Arbitrum over the past quarter.

When we look at 90-day trends, RabbitHole (one game) stands out as its gas consumption rose 1,147% over the past quarter.

Another interesting observation about Arbitrum is that Pyth Network (the leading data oracle within Solana) has experienced a 600% increase in gas consumption in the past quarter after supporting Arbitrum.

Blockchains with the most capital outflows

We talked about Avalanche, and on top of that, zkSync (Ethereum L2) lost over $1 billion in the last 90 days. Where did the money go?

• $328 million flows into Optimism

• $313 million flows into Ethereum

• $232 million flows into Arbitrum

• $37 million flows into Base

Key Takeaway: All funds flowing out of zkSync stay within the Ethereum ecosystem.

What about Ethereum? We know Arbitrum received $1.6 billion from Ethereum, but where did the rest of the money go?

The vast majority of Ethereums net outflows also remain within the Ethereum ecosystem, flowing to Starknet, Base and Optimism.

Sui was the largest non-EVM beneficiary of Ethereum outflows, receiving $452 million. Additionally, Solana received $152 million in inflows from Ethereum.

Summary of key points

As public blockchain networks mature, we expect the amount of funding in the technology stack to rise.

We also expect that there will eventually be 3-5 major L1 blockchains (and possibly a series of less important L1 blockchains).

But as cross-chain infrastructure and account abstraction mature, we expect value to flow freely across various networks and ecosystems, making impenetrable network effects and economic moats more difficult to achieve.

Having said that, we have drawn some key conclusions from analyzing the flows in the main L1 and L2.

Ethereum

The largest L1 has lost a lot of money, but it has picked up at the L2 level. In my opinion, this is good for Ethereum. It would be a red flag if we saw funds leaving L1 instead of going to L2, but leaving the Ethereum ecosystem entirely. To be clear, we are not seeing this today.

Furthermore, Ethereum’s TVL has increased by 60% in the past 3 months despite over $3 billion in outflows. This highlights the shortcomings of TVL as a KPI (the price of the underlying asset is highly volatile and easily manipulated).

Solana

Over the past 3 months, Solanas net inflows across the 15 largest L1s and L2s were only $169 million. During the same period, Solanas TVL grew from $1.4 billion to $4.5 billion (a 221% increase).

So how did this happen?

• In the past 3 months, the price of SOL has increased from $100 to $171 (a 77% increase).

• More and more SOL is being added to liquidity staking solutions (Marinade, Jito, BlazeStake)

• Several projects within the Solana ecosystem have issued tokens, such as Jito, Pyth, Jupiter and Tensor. These projects created billions of dollars in new wealth, some of which remains in Solana DeFi.

• Memecoin on Solana has been in a frenzy for months, with increasing transaction volume and “value locked”.

Solanas growth in TVL is largely organic within the ecosystem.

Sui

Sui is the biggest winner in the new era of high-throughput blockchain. It received $423 million in net inflows, the vast majority of which came from Ethereum. This appears to have been the main catalyst in driving Sui TVL from $220 million to $660 million today.

Cross-chain bridge

As mentioned above, as cross-chain infrastructure matures, the flow of value across various networks is likely to accelerate, pushing value out of any given L1 and potentially toward the cross-chain bridge itself. To be clear, we are not currently seeing this happening but are still monitoring it.

Wormhole is one of the largest cross-chain bridges today. It provides interoperability between Solana, Ethereum, Arbitrum, BNB, Avalanche, Optimism, Near and Polygon. The team recently launched its token, and FDV once exceeded $10 billion. This number is close to that of Ethereum L2, which is a market signal that cross-chain infrastructure is strong and worth paying attention to.