Psy Protocol announced today that four leading mining pools and computing power ecosystems will join its testnet, a rare occurrence for a brand-new PoW smart contract platform. F2Pool, the world's largest Dogecoin and Litecoin mining pool, will participate in the test alongside three computing power infrastructure ecosystem partners: GrandCroix, DePIN X Capital, and Codestream.

In benchmark tests, Psy will demonstrate a processing capacity of over one million transactions per second. This protocol achieves this through an architecture that pushes proof generation to the edge: users generate zero-knowledge proofs for their own transactions on their local devices, thus eliminating the computational bottleneck typically faced by validators.

Miners then verify these proofs and recursively compress them using a proof combination mechanism, folding multiple proofs into a single proof of constant size. This recursive aggregation means that the verification burden remains constant and is independent of transaction volume, allowing the network to scale horizontally as more users generate proofs in parallel.

Psy's New Computing Partner

Founded in 2013, F2Pool is the world's largest mining pool for Dogecoin and Litecoin. The company provides services to miners worldwide and has established itself as a key infrastructure provider in the PoW ecosystem.

GrandCroix focuses on developing high-performance mining infrastructure for decentralized AI networks, specializing in building large-scale inference mining systems with efficiency and continuous operation as core capabilities. It possesses deep technical expertise in coordinating distributed computing resources. GrandCroix achieved a dominant record on the Bittensor network—running as the network's sole miner for six consecutive months, accumulating $200 million worth of TAO, representing 25% of the total supply. This achievement led to the creation and sale of the Bittensor Exchange, making it the leading trading platform on the network.

DePIN X Capital, headquartered in Asia, is a digital asset investment and venture capital firm focused on designing and managing Digital Asset Treasury (DAT) vehicles listed on Nasdaq and the NYSE. In addition to its capital markets operations, DePIN X leverages the foundation of its predecessor, 1475—one of the world's largest Filecoin node operators—to conduct infrastructure and investment businesses in parallel. Through this business line, DePIN X provides GPU infrastructure, node operation, and strategic capital support to leading decentralized infrastructure and AI projects, combining technology execution with direct investment to drive sustainable long-term ecosystem development.

Codestream focuses on providing computing infrastructure for enterprise-grade AI workloads and decentralized applications. The company supports developers and networking platforms by designing scalable, globally distributed GPU resources for production environments requiring continuous availability.

Psy's uniqueness

The core innovation of the Psy protocol lies in "Proof of Useful Work," where miners are responsible for verifying and aggregating zero-knowledge proofs, rather than competing to find random hash values. Users generate proofs for transactions on their local devices, submitting only the proofs and state updates to the network. Miners recursively combine these proofs based on Psy's PARTH (Parallel Ascending Recursive Tree Hierarchy) state model, ultimately forming a single proof that verifies the entire block.

The protocol avoids state contention by establishing an independent state tree for each user. When a user transfers funds, they only update their own outbox, rather than directly modifying the recipient's balance; the recipient then withdraws the tokens by verifying the sender's commitment. This mechanism allows millions of users to transact simultaneously without conflict over shared state.

In terms of scalability, Psy achieves logarithmic rather than linear growth: block generation time increases logarithmically with the number of users, rather than linearly with transaction volume. Meanwhile, zero-knowledge proofs inherently provide privacy protection, enabling users to prove the validity of transactions without disclosing the transaction amount, recipient, or purpose.

Reviews from partners

“These partners are investing real hardware and capital to validate this brand-new, ultra-fast PoW smart contract platform,” said Carter Feldman, founder and CEO of Psy Protocol. “In a proof-of-stake system, large holders control the network by staking existing assets. Here, miners need to deploy physical infrastructure and bear the operating costs to participate. When a mature mining pool and hashrate ecosystem decides to invest resources in a new chain, it immediately attracts market attention—this is a sign of trust in the technology and the team, and we are very honored to have them join the Psy community.”

“Our participation in the Psy testnet is part of DePIN X’s broader mission—connecting capital markets with real-world computing power. We believe the Psy Protocol is a PoW network that truly generates economic utility rather than wasting resources, which is exactly the type of infrastructure we are willing to support and represents the future of decentralized computing power,” said Simon Yang, founder of DePIN X Capital.

“Codestream has always focused on supporting the best projects, and we believe Psy’s architecture can bring about significant changes,” said Gadi Glikberg, Director at Codestream. “Psy’s scalability fundamentally reshapes the economic model of decentralized applications and has the potential to become a coordinating layer for the growing proxy economy.”

These partners will conduct a comprehensive verification of the protocol's performance and security through the testnet before the mainnet launch.

About Psy Protocol

Psy Protocol is a Proof-of-Useful-Work (PoW) smart contract platform that deeply integrates the neutrality and security of PoW with the high scalability and high-speed performance of next-generation architecture. By delegating the generation of transaction proofs to users and aggregating zero-knowledge proofs on-chain, Psy achieves internet-level throughput, low fees, and open participation without sacrificing the superior security of PoW. The Psy platform empowers developers, helps build massive-scale Web3 applications, and enables the AI agent economy, aiming to become a core infrastructure supporting the next-generation decentralized internet ecosystem.

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