B² Hub: AI-native consensus and infrastructure on Bitcoin

B² Hub is the Layer 1.5 consensus and governance layer of the B² Network—a Bitcoin-based infrastructure that integrates Proof-of-Signal (PoSg) consensus, U² stablecoin settlement, and native AI agents. By unlocking the potential of Bitcoin, B² Hub efficiently supports DeFi, gaming, enterprise applications, and particularly diverse AI-driven scenarios.

Why is B² Hub so important?

• Bitcoin-anchored security: All state roots, validator sets, and signaling witnesses are regularly committed to Bitcoin via Taproot, ensuring top-level tamper-resistance and trusted timestamps.
• AI Native Consensus (PoSg): Validators’ voting rights are not only based on staking, but also combine delegation signals from SLM nodes and AI agents, and are weighted according to actual usage and reputation, making AI a core participant in on-chain governance.
• Signal-driven infrastructure: With Signal Registry, Signal Pay, and Signal Attest, developers can register, monetize, and verify AI/SLM services directly on-chain, building a truly decentralized on-chain AI marketplace.
• Web 2-level performance experience: Relying on Pulsar's pre-confirmation mechanism, blockchain interactions can achieve response speeds comparable to traditional applications.

In a nutshell: B² Hub upgrades Bitcoin from a "passive settlement layer" to an AI-driven dynamic infrastructure, achieving the integration of value (BTC + U2) and intelligence (AI/SLM signals), and creating a new consensus mechanism and application paradigm.

Meet Pulsar: The Star Engine Behind B² Hub

Pulsar is the next-generation blockchain implementation that powers the B² Hub, combining Bitcoin anchoring, AI-native consensus, and Web 2-level responsiveness. Its name is inspired by pulsars, the most precise timekeepers in the universe (neutron stars).

Why is it called "Pulsar"?

Just as pulsars emit predictable, periodic signals across the universe, Pulsar will:

• Deterministic timing: Ultra-stable block generation is achieved through pre-confirmed transactions, achieving millisecond-level response before final confirmation.
• Signal-driven consensus: Relying on PoSg (Proof of Signal + Proof of Stake), AI agents and SLM nodes broadcast signals, participate in governance, and influence validator voting rights.
• Superior performance: Astronomical improvements in throughput and latency make DeFi, gaming, and AI workflows comparable to Web 2 applications.
• Precise Periodicity: Transaction flows and signal witnesses arrive predictably and rhythmically like pulsar signals, ensuring the reliability of financial and AI operations.

In short: Pulsar is the precise signaling engine that makes the B² Hub faster, smarter, and anchored to Bitcoin.

In the Internet age, one second is too long

Imagine this scenario: You're shopping on Amazon, click "Buy Now," and the page spins in circles for three seconds before confirming your purchase is successful. Or, when using Apple Pay or Google Pay, you have to wait 2–3 seconds before seeing the result. Does this experience make you anxious?

However, this is the real experience of most current blockchain applications.

• Traditional Internet (Web 2): Click-to-respond, millisecond feedback
• Blockchain (Web 3): Waiting 2–3 seconds or even longer after submitting a transaction

This experience gap has become one of the key bottlenecks hindering the large-scale adoption of blockchain. Now, with B² Hub's Pulsar implementation and pre-confirmation technology, we can finally make blockchain transaction speeds catch up with Web 2.

Why are blockchain transactions slow?

To understand the value of pre-confirmation, we must first understand the root cause of the slowness of blockchain. The traditional transaction process is like sending a letter:

• You put the letter in the mailbox (submit the transaction)
• Waiting for the postman to collect the mail (waiting for it to be packed)
• The postman delivers the letter to the post office (block confirmation)
• The recipient eventually receives the letter (transaction completed)

The entire process takes several to tens of seconds, which is particularly inconvenient in scenarios where immediate feedback is required. The fundamental reasons are:

1. Batch processing mechanism: transactions are like buses, they are sent only when there are enough buses.
2. Consensus time: All nodes must confirm the transaction order
3. Safety first: Multiple confirmations are required to prevent double-spending attacks

What is pre-confirmation technology?

Pre-confirmation is like adding a "fast lane" to the blockchain. The core idea is: since transactions will eventually be executed, why not execute them in advance and provide feedback to users?

Analogy to ordering food in a restaurant:

• Traditional mode: Order → Waiter records → Prepare when the kitchen is free → Serve
• Pre-confirmation mode: Order → Waiter immediately responds "Received, expected delivery in 15 minutes" → Kitchen prepares ingredients → Cooks → Serves

The actual production time remained unchanged, but users received immediate feedback and the experience was greatly improved.

How does pre-confirmation achieve millisecond-level response?

Technical principle: Three-tier architecture supports millisecond-level response

To implement pre-confirmation, Pulsar uses a three-tier architecture:

1. The interface layer is responsible for detecting whether a transaction supports pre-execution and providing optimization tips.

type PreExecutableMsg interface {

IsPreExecutable() bool // Check if pre-execution is supported

GetPreExecutionHints() *Hints // Get pre-execution optimization hints

}

2. The execution layer includes cache (LRU strategy), transaction sequencer and versioned state storage to ensure that transactions can be pre-executed quickly

type PreExecutionManager struct {

cache *LRUCache // LRU cache strategy

sequencer *TxSequencer // Transaction sequencer

stateStore *VersionedStore // Versioned state storage

}

3. The storage layer uses MVCC (Multi-Version Concurrency Control) technology. Each pre-execution generates an independent state snapshot, supporting O(1) level fast rollback.

Based on this architecture, Pulsar achieves three major innovations:

1. Instant Pre-Execution: The transaction is executed immediately once it is received by the node, and the result is fed back within 100-200 milliseconds.
2. Smart caching: Execution results are cached and reused directly during packaging to avoid repeated calculations.
3. State snapshot: Utilizing multi-version storage, an independent snapshot is generated for each pre-execution, which can be rolled back at any time without compromising security.

This mechanism is not only a technical breakthrough, but also directly improves the user experience:

• The chain game operation responds in real time, and the battle rhythm is smooth and uninterrupted
• DeFi transactions instantly display transaction results, allowing you to quickly seize market opportunities
• NFT purchases are almost instantaneous, eliminating missed opportunities due to delays
• DAO voting updates progress in real time to enhance community participation

How to ensure safety?

Increasing speed doesn't mean sacrificing safety. Pulsar has four built-in protection mechanisms:

• Serial execution: All transactions are processed in sequence to eliminate concurrent conflicts
• Verifier endorsement: Only trusted verification nodes can perform pre-confirmation, and the results must be signed by multiple parties. Malicious nodes will be fined.
• Automatic rollback: If pre-execution fails, rollback will be performed immediately without affecting the status on the chain
• Final confirmation: Pre-confirmation only provides quick feedback, and the final result is still completed by on-chain consensus. The two-tier mechanism ensures asset security

The security module also includes:

1. Transaction order guarantee mechanism: ensure that the transaction hash and serial number strictly correspond.

typePreExecutionSequence struct {

baseHeight int 64 // base block height

sequences map[string]uint 32 // Mapping of transaction hash to sequence number

orderedTxs []string // Sorted transaction list

}

2. State isolation and rollback: Atomicity is guaranteed through write-time copy and Merkle proof, and either the operation is completely successful or rolled back completely.

1. Copy-on-Write strategy: Pre-execution uses independent state copies
2. Merkle Proofs: Each pre-execution result has a corresponding state root hash
3. Atomicity guarantee: Either all succeed or all rollback

3. Anti-malicious mechanisms: including staking penalties, reputation system and threshold signatures to ensure the overall health of the network.

• Stake Slashing: Validation nodes must stake, and malicious behavior will be punished by slashing.
• Reputation system: Tracks the pre-execution success rate of each verification node
• Threshold signature: requires more than 2/3 of the verification nodes to agree to take effect

Performance measured data

In a stress test with 1 million transactions, Pulsar performed exceptionally well:

Technical Workflow: 200 milliseconds of lightning-fast experience

Let's use a simple example to illustrate the whole process:

Take Alice’s transaction as an example:

1. The transaction enters the CheckTx stage
2. System creation status snapshot
3. Pre-execution in an isolated environment
4. The result was cached and returned immediately. In just 200 milliseconds, she received a "pre-confirmation" response.

Subsequently, when the block is packaged, the system directly reuses the cached results without recalculating. This dual mechanism of "instant feedback + final confirmation" provides a near-real-time user experience while ensuring Bitcoin-level security.

Higher-level value: experience is money

Pre-confirmation not only improves technical parameters, but also directly creates user value:

• Traders can capture opportunities in ever-changing markets
• Players enjoy a lag-free combat experience
• Ordinary users say goodbye to waiting anxiety
• Developers can build more real-time interactive applications, from social networking to games, opening up new possibilities

For the first time, blockchain applications are truly approaching a WhatsApp-like smooth experience.

Which operations are suitable for pre-confirmation?

Suitable for pre-confirmation

• Simple transfer: Regular transfer with sufficient balance
• Voting operations: governance voting, community decision-making
• Query operations: balance query, status reading
• Game actions: moving, attacking, collecting, etc.
• Social interaction: like, comment, follow

Not suitable for pre-confirmation

• Large transactions: More security confirmations are required
• Contract deployment: complex operations require caution
• System upgrade: critical operations cannot fail

Real application cases

In reality, pre-confirmation is not a cold technical parameter, but an engine that can actually change the user experience.

• On a decentralized exchange , Alice selects a trading pair, enters the quantity, and clicks "Trade." After 0.2 seconds, she sees a "Transaction Successful" notification and can immediately proceed to the next transaction.
• In the on-chain game , Bob issues an attack command and sees the damage value 0.1 seconds later. Skills can be released continuously, and the entire battle process is smooth.
• In DAO governance , when team members cast their votes for or against, the interface immediately displays “Vote Recorded”, and the voting progress is refreshed in real time, making community interaction more lively.

This almost "instant" feedback is the revolutionary change brought about by Pulsar: the interactive experience is no longer interrupted by waiting, but is as natural and coherent as traditional applications.

Roadmap: The Future of B² Hub and Pulsar

Pulsar is just the beginning. Next, B² Hub will also implement:

1. Sub-millisecond response: Optimizing pre-confirmation latency to data center-level performance
2. Bitcoin native integration: Using commitments submitted to Bitcoin to secure the network
3. Cross-chain acceleration: Provide real-time feedback for cross-chain transactions between Bitcoin and B² Hub
4. AI-driven predictions: Anticipate user behavior and proactively prepare for transactions
5. Enterprise-level API: Customized interfaces for institutions, HFT, and mission-critical systems
6. Quantum-resistant security: Future-proof cryptography to protect against next-generation threats

Summary: The paradigm shift brought by Pulsar

B² Hub and Pulsar reshape the blockchain user experience through signal-driven consensus and pre-confirmation technology, achieving:

• Millisecond-level response for Bitcoin layer 2 transactions
• Provides Web 2-level performance while maintaining Bitcoin-level security
• The application experience is no different from traditional apps
• Clearing the last hurdle for mainstream blockchain adoption
• Unleashing Bitcoin's Full Potential in the Enterprise and Consumer AI Economy

From now on, B² Network will never make you wait. Every interaction on the B² Hub will be near-instantaneous—you’ll even forget you’re running on Bitcoin.

Pulsar makes the power of Bitcoin invisible and every interaction perfect.

FAQ: Some things you may be concerned about regarding Pulsar

Q: Is pre-confirmation equal to final confirmation?

A: No. Pre-confirmation allows you to get feedback within 100–200 milliseconds, but final confirmation still requires on-chain consensus. For users, the experience is almost instant confirmation, while the security of funds is still guaranteed by Bitcoin-level settlement.

Q: What if the pre-confirmation passes but ultimately fails?

A: This situation is extremely rare (less than 0.1%). If it does occur, the system will automatically roll back to the previous state and notify the user. Your assets are always safe.

Q: Can all blockchains implement pre-confirmation?

A: Not really. To achieve this, advanced underlying design is required, such as versioned storage and signal-driven consensus. B² Hub's Pulsar was designed for pre-confirmation from the outset.

Q: Will it be more expensive to use pre-confirmation?

A: No. Pre-confirmation is a performance optimization, not a cost increase. The increased efficiency actually reduces overall operation and maintenance costs, allowing users to enjoy a faster experience while potentially reducing costs.

Q: Why is it called "Pulsar"?

A: Pulsars are the most precise clocks in the universe, emitting signals at a constant frequency. The Pulsar blockchain is named after this: using signals to drive consensus, resulting in a consistent and predictable performance rhythm.

Q: Do developers need to make major code changes to integrate it?

A: Almost never. In most cases, pre-confirmation can be enabled by simply adding a flag. B² Hub maintains compatibility with existing development tools for Bitcoin and Ethereum.