What is Phase 0 of Ethereum 2.0?

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With the launch of the beacon chain getting closer and closer to the eth2 countdown, it is time for the community to discuss the latest developments in the inner workings of eth2, the specific requirements, incentives, and experience of becoming a validator node. Quickly synced up.

This article will provide an in-depth overview of eth2 and will form the basis for a series of articles related to eth2 and validator nodes. eth2 has been in development for a long time, and has clearly progressed over the past few years. From the original separate shards and proof-of-stake (PoS) managed through smart contracts, it has transformed into a highly interconnected network design with significant improvements in efficiency, scalability, and security.

(# Block Rhythm BlockBeats Note: The beacon chain is the new Ethereum, the core chain of Ethereum 2.0. One of the functions of this chain is to allow verifiers to participate in the pledge system and replace the role of miners. builder of the chain; another function is to store the index of the shard state)

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• Phases of Ethereum

• Phase 0 involves the beacon chain, the core of eth2, which manages coordination between validator nodes and shards. The beacon chain is the source of truth data, from which all other aspects of eth2 originate.

Phase 1 puts data into shards on this basis. The implementation complexity of this component is much smaller than other components, because Phase 0 provides most of the basic work for the shard network.

Phase 2 adds execution to eth2, basically upgrading eth2 from a robust database to a fully decentralized computing platform.

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What exactly is Phase 0?

As mentioned earlier, the beacon chain tracks the set of validator nodes and the state of the shards. Practically, this means that if you (regularly) follow what's going on on the beacon chain, you'll know enough to verify anything that's presented on eth2. Trust, but need to be verified.

Part of what sets eth2 apart from other PoS systems is the sheer number of validator nodes in the network that can participate in the protocol. eth2 scales to hundreds of thousands or even millions of validator nodes, compared to 10, 100, and 1000 participants that may exist in other systems. This level of decentralization is only possible after an intermediate level of consensus is achieved by groups of validators called committees. The beacon chain uses a random beacon of the same name as its core, assigning validator nodes to a committee responsible for evaluating whether the beacon chain and shard chains are part of the network. The committee vote is then encrypted into an attestation, which means that verifying an entire committee vote requires only slightly more operations than checking a single vote. Therefore, to check the validity of the beacon chain, only a few aggregated signatures are needed to evaluate the votes of multiple validator nodes.

(# Block Rhythm BlockBeats Note: Proof information, attestation, is the hash value that has been confirmed and signed by the verifier, and they record the status of a specific shard in real time)

The beacon chain can also track the eth1 chain and its on-chain assets so that new validator nodes can join the eth2 network by sending 32 ETH to the asset contract on eth1. As a result of the beacon chain vote on the eth1 chain, eth2 will at some point in the future enhance the security of the eth1 network by providing an economic guarantee that is part of the canonical eth1 chain.

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Node vs. Client

eth2 differentiates between beacon and validator clients, validators will need both to perform their duties. Beacon nodes (or just nodes), focus on maintaining a view of the beacon chain, and any shard network that user or validator nodes may require.

As the name suggests, a validator client (or just a client) handles the logic of running a single validator. This is accomplished by communicating with beacon nodes to obtain the current state of the chain, attesting and proposing blocks when appropriate, and finally by asking beacon nodes to send this information to their peers.

If you're not running a validator node, a beacon node contains all the information needed to interact trustlessly with eth2, much like a full node in the eth1 network.

The following are some arguments for the separation of "nodes and clients":

Each validator node needs to start with a stake of exactly 32 ETH, so someone wishing to earn more ETH will need to run multiple validator nodes. The separation of "nodes and clients" allows users to only run one beacon node with multiple validator nodes, thereby reducing the need for computing, memory, and storage.

Since the validator node client can only interact with the rest of the eth2 network through the beacon node, even through the restricted API, the attack surface of the validator node is greatly reduced.

design concept

For users who want to interact with the eth2 network, but don't want to be a validator node, they only need to operate a beacon node, which will grant them access to the beacon chain and the desired shard network.

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• design concept

• The design philosophy of eth2 provides a useful basis for all decisions in the eth2 network and, in many cases, outlines the differences between eth2 and other protocols.

• Everything about the protocol: Acknowledging that everything is just a trade-off of pros and cons, protocol security and liveness take precedence over other design requirements.

• Hope for the best, but expect the worst: The eth2 network assumes that validator nodes will be lazy, take bribes, and that they will attempt to attack the system unless they are incentivized to give up doing so. Furthermore, assuming the network is not completely reliable, a catastrophic event could force a large number of validator nodes offline. For these reasons, the eth2 network should be able to survive World War III.

• Minimum Viable Complexity: Simplify the Eth2 network as much as possible, as this makes the network easier to reason about, explain to others, auditable, program bug-free clients, and generally avoid corner cases.

Born by humans, for humans: eth2 networks must be able to run on the average consumer's laptop. The lower the barrier to entry, the more people can participate, which means more decentralization.

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(# Block Rhythm BlockBeats Note: Quantum computer, quantum computer, is a kind of physical device that follows the laws of quantum mechanics to perform high-speed mathematical and logical operations, store and process quantum information. The concept of quantum computer originates from the study of reversible computers. It is to solve the problem of energy consumption in computers. The characteristics of quantum computers include fast running speed, strong ability to process information, and wide application range. According to the MIT technology evaluation report, quantum computing power can attack blockchain encryption algorithms, Threat to the security of the entire blockchain world)