The essence of the speeches of the 5 core Ethereum masters in Sydney is here

Editor's Note: This article comes fromBlockchain Base CampEditor's Note: This article comes from

Blockchain Base Camp

(ID: blockchain_camp), author: Aholiab, published with permission.

On April 11, EDCON 2019, the most watched series of summits in the Ethereum open source technology community, was held at the International Convention Center (ICC) in Sydney. EDCON is initiated by Lingtai Technology, a member of the Ethereum community, and is held in different countries every year.

As one of the most watched technical conferences in the blockchain field, EDCON aims to discuss the latest updates of Ethereum and the most concerned topics of developers.

This year's EDCON conference was held in the form of "EDCON Week", including two parts: a hackathon and a keynote speech.

In the meeting on the first day, including Vitalik Buterin, the founder of Ethereum, and Karl Floersch, Hsiao-WeiWang, Justin Drake, Danny Ryan and many other core researchers of Ethereum, all brought new progress in their own research this year, And thinking about the future of Ethereum ecology.

At the beginning of the meeting, these masters of the Ethereum ecology came to a soul dance. V God, who has always been low-key and introverted, even boldly played Freestyle and rap for a long time. Just like an "Ethereum idol group".

Traffic party can look at the dance steps in this picture, do you still know your V God?

Of course, in addition to singing, God V and a group of great gods also brought dry speeches.

Next, follow the battalion commander on the front line, and catch all the dry goods of the big guys as soon as possible!

Share this article to a community of more than 50 people, send the screenshot to the battalion commander, and immediately extract the PPT of the big guy's speech!

V God: CBC Casper and Ethereum 2.0

Good morning everyone, today I will talk about a very big progress of Ethereum, that is, CBC Casper, and its application in Ethereum 2.0.

First, I would like to introduce to you what CBC Casper is. The proposer of CBC Casper is Vlad Zamfir, which is a new asynchronous BFT consensus.

There is a module in the CBC Casper consensus that can define which chain is the best, and creating blocks based on this chain can strengthen the authority of this chain.

Next, let's take a look at the LMD GHOST protocol. The LMD GHOST protocol was proposed in 2013 to allow us to choose a path on which the most calculations are done. For every block that appears on the same chain, there are always more supporting blocks.

As you can imagine, each block contains complex information. Starting from the genesis block, each validator (Validator) can create a block. If there are 5 validators, if it is the block itself, it can score 1 point; if there is another block supporting it, it can Score 2; there is also a block with 4 points (and the 5th node is not the latest block). The newly created block will select the block with the highest score, which is the basic principle of LMD GHOST.

You may ask why we use LMD GHOST, there are two reasons.

First of all, the "longest chain" principle does not apply to multi-chain parallel scenarios. In Ethereum, a new block is born every 14 seconds, but the problem is that when this block is born, due to network speed or other reasons, multiple identical blocks may be born at the same time.

Second, the majority does not defeat the majority. As can be seen from the figure below, except for B, there is no way for anyone else to add blocks to the same chain, so B's block will disappear.

First, choose the bottom chain, because compared to the above single block chain that only has 1 latest news support, the bottom chain has 4 latest news that supports itself, and then supports the middle chain in the next fork. The end result is the same as the longest chain.

In fact, in a well-behaved (i.e. low orphan rate) network, LMD GHOST and the longest chain rule will give the exact same answer most of the time. But in more extreme cases, this is not necessarily the case. For example, let us consider the following chain, which has a three-block fork

• Blocks are weighted according to the length of the chain. If we follow the longest chain rule, then the top chain wins since the top chain is longer.

• In addition, CBC Casper has many advantages, including:

• After the display block is in its final form, different customers can set their security range according to their own needs;

If a customer believes that some nodes are offline for a long time, they can verify them privately;

It can be easily integrated with the existing PoS system

Finally, regarding the deployment of CBC Casper, V God emphasized that any block you create must contain the information of the previous blockchain, which is a private information chain.

Danny Ryan: Progress on Ethereum 2.0

As the second guest speaker at the opening, Ethereum core researcher Danny Ryan shared a keynote speech titled "Ethereum 2.0 Progress".

• ethResearch

• Python PoC

• HackMD

First, I made a detailed summary of the progress of Ethereum 2.0, and pointed out that in the past 12 months, Ethereum 2.0 has made great progress. First of all, in early 2018, Ethereum started a hybrid solution of PoS and PoW, among which the Casper FFG protocol is particularly important; and the shards are managed through the shard management contract (SMG).

However, these two directions were completely rejected in mid-2018, new solutions were proposed, and a method to connect them organically was tried. include:

Therefore, by January of this year, we have made some progress, including the release and optimization of some details of Phase 0, the release of details of Phase 1, and the launch of the client testnet.

Next, let's take a look at the architecture implementation and progress of Ethereum 2.0. The architecture diagram of Ethereum 2.0 is as follows:

• Among them, the first layer (PoW) part is the current Ethereum mainnet.

• The second layer is the Beacon chain, which is the first delivered component and has been developed to version 0.5.1. The Beacon chain is an extremely important component in Ethereum 2.0. Its functions include:

• Manage the PoS protocol, and all shards;

• management verified;

• provide randomness;

track and update deposits of validators;

Execute the processing of Crosslinks.

The third layer is sharding, which is based on data consensus. Finally, layer 4 is the state enforcement layer, which is responsible for the transmission of the contract state.

In Danny's view, the above architecture diagram can also be seen as a roadmap for the Ethereum 2.0 process. Phase 0 implements the bottom layer first; Phase 1 implements Layer 2 and Layer 3; Phase 2 implements Layer 2, Layer 3, and Layer 4.

At present, Danny is continuing to work on Phase 0, and at the same time began to work on Phase 1. As for the time, Danny admitted frankly that it is not yet possible to give a definite timetable, but he is already working hard.

In addition, Danny also pointed out the difficulties faced in the implementation process of Ethereum 2.0. Including the advancement of consensus testing, optimization for 4 million verifiers, network stability, determination of state synchronization mechanism, verifier UI/UX design, verification tool development, etc.

Therefore, Danny said frankly that Ethereum 2.0 still needs more people to contribute. However, Ethereum 2.0 is not far away from us.

Hsiao-Wei Wang: The life cycle of Ethereum Beacon chain validators

The third person to appear is Hsiao-Wei Wang, a core researcher of Ethereum. As one of the few female developers of Ethereum, Hsiao-Wei Wang has been committed to research in the field of sharding. He is also an old face of various offline conferences of Ethereum.

In today's speech, Hsiao-Wei Wang comprehensively expounded the life cycle of a Beacon chain validator on the Ethereum platform from the perspective of a Beacon chain validator.

First of all, Hsiao-Wei Wang still gave the ecological structure of Ethereum 2.0 first. Like Danny, Hsiao-Wei Wang also believes that the realization of Ethereum 2.0 depends on the following stages, namely Beacon chain, shard chain, and shard chain. Slice state handling, and more iterative content.

Before starting, Hsiao-Wei Wang first gave 3 reasons to become a validator, mainly reflected in the rewards available to the validator. Including: block proposal rewards, Casper FFG rewards (voting on the Beacon chain), Crosslink rewards (voting on the shard chain).

MAX_DEPOSIT_AMOUNT

So, how to become a validator of the Ethereum Beacon chain? There are 3 steps in total.

First, use

The function calls the deposit contract and sends 32 ETH to the contract;

Next, check the status of the deposit contract, including 3 logics, as shown in the figure below:

Finally, wait for the execution result of pseudo-randomly sampled.

As a verifier, there are also some responsibilities. In phase 0, it mainly includes initiating valid blocks on the beacon chain and proving them.

If the verifier fails to do so, it may be subject to certain penalties, including Casper FFC penalty, static leak penalty, cross-link penalty, proposer penalty, prover penalty, etc.

Finally, Hsiao-Wei Wang revealed that there are still several stages to go through to achieve network stability, and they are currently working on serialization and BLS signatures.

Justin Drake: Ethereum 2.0, data download problems and solutions

Justin Drake is the fourth guest in the morning, and his speech revolves around the Ethereum 2.0 Custody proof.

In his speech, he first pointed out the problems faced by data download in the current system. Since there are many shard chains, if the download speed of a shard chain is 1MB/minute:

Then the time it takes for multiple shard chain locks is astronomical.

For this, he introduced the cross-linking solution. The cross-linking solution randomly selects a part of validators from all validators (Validators) through Random Sampling to form a validator committee.

https://github.com/ethereum/eth2.0-specs/blob/dev/specs/core/1_custody-game.md

If there are 2/3 honest verifiers among all verifiers, then more than half of the verifiers selected to the verifier committee are honest, which can ensure that the final voting result is greater than or equal to 1.

For more details about the Beacon chain and Custody, you can refer to the official documentation:

Karl Floersch: Looking at the latest developments in Ethereum expansion from Plasma

Remember the cute little Karl Floersch who came to Beijing with V God last year to participate in the 2018 Ethereum Technology and Application Conference? In this EDCON conference, he continued to bring the latest progress of Plasma with rich body language.

As we all know, throughout 2018, the focus of Ethereum has been on expansion. Among the expansion solutions, Plasma is a very important solution. It's similar to Bitcoin's Lightning Network, but not quite the same.

As the person in charge of Plasma and a core researcher of Ethereum, Karl Floersch also brought the latest progress of Plasma, and explained the advantages of the Layer 2 solution to the audience in detail. Oh, by the way, Karl Floersch is also the lead dancer of the Ethereum idol group above.

At the beginning of the speech, Karl Floersch first clarified the benefits of Plasma, such as based on off-chain solutions, not limited by the 15-second block time, etc.

However, with the launch of the Plasma testnet, some rumors about it are also growing. For example, more than 50 Plasma chains have been deployed; each has a processing capacity of more than 2,000 transactions per second; and produced thousands of blocks.

• In response to these rumors, Karl clearly reminded developers not to believe them!

• Currently, the capabilities that Plasma has achieved only include the following:

• One-click deployment;

• Mobile support for client nodes;

• Optimistic Exits

Support ERC 20 standard;

Atomic Swaps

After introducing the latest progress of Plasma, Karl explained the comparison between Layer1 and Layer2 from the perspective of implementation principles. To put it simply, the Layer 2 solution is to take business processing links such as calculations and transactions out of the main chain, and only the final state is recorded on the main chain. This can not only improve the scalability of the blockchain, but also ensure the trustworthiness of the blockchain.

In addition, Karl also revealed that in the future on Layer 2, third-party zero-sum proof generators and third-party storage systems, such as aws, can also be expanded.

• At the same time, the verification process of Plasma is as follows:

• Finally, when it comes to Plasma and expansion, Karl believes that they have achieved the following three points:

• Testnet online;

The fundamentals of Plasma are released;

Plasma basic deployment implementation.