"Polkadot Knowledge Graph" is our entry-level article on Polkadot from zero to one. We try to start from the most basic part of Polkadot and provide you with a comprehensive understanding of Polkadot. Of course, this is a huge project. Engineering is also full of challenges. However, we hope that through such efforts, everyone can correctly understand Polkadot, and people who do not know Polkadot can easily and quickly grasp Polkadot-related knowledge. Today is the 28th issue of this column. Polkadot It is essentially a meta-protocol, and the Polkadot network usually uses two consensus protocols: BABE and GRANDPA.

Polkadot is essentially a blockchain meta-protocol, which is different from almost all other protocols. There are actually very few things that are difficult to change in the protocol.

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BABE

BABE (Blind Assignment for Blockchain Extension) is a block production mechanism of Polkadot. The Chinese name is the blind assignment of blockchain extensions. It is a block production mechanism that runs among validator nodes and determines the author of a new block.

BABE assigns blocks to validators based on stake and using Polkadot's random cycle. Simply put, it is to promote the continuous block generation of the network and ensure the forward operation and development of the network.

Due to Polkadot's randomness mechanism, multiple verifiers may be candidates for the same slot. Or at some point, a slot may be empty, resulting in inconsistent block times.

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GRANDPA

GRANDPA is a tool to achieve finality for the Polkadot relay chain. It works in a partially synchronous network model as long as 2/3 of the nodes are honest and can handle 1/5 of Byzantine nodes in an asynchronous environment.

It is a chain generation mechanism that can quickly confirm the validity of a chain within a period of time, avoiding chain bifurcation or rollback, and ensuring a stable processing speed of the network.

A notable difference is that GRANDPA reaches agreement on-chain rather than on-block, greatly speeding up the finalization process even after prolonged network partitions or other network failures.

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postscript

BABE can be used alone by providing deterministic probability, and can also be used in combination with final deterministic tools such as GRANDPA. Polkadot uses such a hybrid consensus mechanism.

As the core node of Polkadot, the relay chain, the stability and security of the network are crucial factors for Polkadot. In essence, the security of the Polkadot network needs to maintain the continuous and stable operation of the network and ensure that the network does not drop, and reduce hard forks on the basis of continuous block generation.

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